add guide

GUIDE.md

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+# Engine — gebruikshandleiding
+
+Deze handleiding legt uit hoe de engine in elkaar zit, hoe je hem gebruikt,
+hoe je eigen elementen (objecten die getekend/geüpdatet worden) toevoegt,
+en hoe je input afhandelt. De engine bestaat uit vier onderdelen:
+
+| Klasse         | Bestand                          | Verantwoordelijkheid                                   |
+|----------------|-----------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
+| `Engine`       | `include/Engine.hpp` / `src/Engine.cpp` | Venster, GL-context, main loop, ruwe input → Camera      |
+| `Camera`       | `include/Camera.hpp` / `src/Camera.cpp` | Arcball-camera (orbit/pan/zoom, cinematisch smoothed)     |
+| `Shader`       | `include/Shader.hpp` / `src/Shader.cpp` | RAII-wrapper om een gelinkt GLSL-programma                |
+| `Mesh`         | `include/Mesh.hpp` / `src/Mesh.cpp`     | VAO/VBO/EBO-wrapper + procedurele geometrie (sphere/ring/circle) |
+
+Alle vier zitten in de `engine` namespace, zodat er geen naamsbotsingen
+ontstaan met GLFW/OpenGL-symbolen of andere libraries. Voeg je eigen
+elementen (zie sectie 3) toe aan diezelfde namespace.
+
+---
+
+## 1. Basisgebruik
+
+```cpp
+#include "Engine.hpp"
+
+int main() {
+    engine::Engine engine;
+    if (!engine.initialize(1280, 720, "Mijn App")) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    engine.setUpdateCallback([](float deltaTime) {
+        // hier zit jouw simulatie/game-state update, één keer per frame
+    });
+
+    engine.setRenderCallback([](int framebufferWidth, int framebufferHeight) {
+        // hier zit jouw OpenGL-tekenwerk, één keer per frame
+    });
+
+    engine.run();
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+`initialize()` doet alles wat met GLFW/OpenGL-opstart te maken heeft:
+venster aanmaken, context activeren, de OpenGL 3.3-functiepointers laden
+(`gl::loadGLFunctions()`), en de GLFW-callbacks aan de instantie koppelen.
+
+`run()` is de main loop: pollen van events, delta-time berekenen, `update()`
+en `render()` aanroepen, buffers swappen. Dat blijft zo doorlopen tot het
+venster gesloten wordt (kruisje, of Escape — zie hieronder).
+
+Je hoeft `Engine.hpp` niet aan te passen om iets te laten gebeuren: alles
+gaat via de twee callbacks. Dat houdt de engine zelf generiek en jouw
+project-specifieke code gescheiden.
+
+---
+
+## 2. De Camera gebruiken
+
+`Engine` bezit al een `Camera` en stuurt muisinput er automatisch naartoe:
+
+- **linker muisknop + slepen** → oriënteren (yaw/pitch)
+- **middelste muisknop + slepen** → pannen
+- **scrollwiel** → in-/uitzoomen
+- **R** → camera terugzetten naar standaardstand
+- **Escape** → venster sluiten
+
+Je haalt de camera op met `engine.camera()` en gebruikt hem in je
+render-callback:
+
+```cpp
+glm::mat4 view = engine.camera().viewMatrix();
+glm::vec3 eye  = engine.camera().position();
+```
+
+Wil je de camera ergens naartoe laten bewegen (bijv. "focus op dit object"),
+gebruik dan `focusOn(worldPoint, suggestedDistance)` — dat zet alleen het
+*doel* van de smoothing, `update()` (elke frame al door `Engine` aangeroepen)
+beweegt er geleidelijk naartoe.
+
+```cpp
+engine.camera().focusOn(objectPosition, 8.0f);
+```
+
+---
+
+## 3. Een eigen element maken
+
+Met "element" bedoelen we een zelfstandig object dat iets voorstelt in je
+scene: een blokje, personage, deeltjeseffect, wat dan ook. Het patroon dat
+deze engine gebruikt (en dat je zelf ook aanhoudt) is steeds: **data +
+gedrag in een klasse, header in `include/`, implementatie in `src/`,
+buiten de klasse gebeurt niets rechtstreeks met OpenGL.**
+
+### 3.1 Bestandsstructuur
+
+Voor een nieuw element `Cube` maak je:
+
+```
+include/Cube.hpp
+src/Cube.cpp
+```
+
+`Cube.hpp`:
+
+```cpp
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Mesh.hpp"
+#include "Shader.hpp"
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+
+namespace engine {
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Cube
+//
+// Eén gekleurd blokje: eigen transform + eigen shader-uniforms, tekent
+// zichzelf met de gedeelde Mesh-geometrie.
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+class Cube {
+public:
+    bool initialize();  // compileert shader, bouwt mesh — kan mislukken
+    void update(float deltaTime);
+    void draw(const glm::mat4& view, const glm::mat4& projection,
+              const glm::vec3& viewPos) const;
+
+    glm::vec3 position{0.0f};
+    glm::vec3 baseColor{0.8f, 0.3f, 0.2f};
+
+private:
+    Mesh mesh_;
+    Shader shader_;
+    float spinDeg_ = 0.0f;
+};
+
+}  // namespace engine
+```
+
+`Cube.cpp`:
+
+```cpp
+#include "Cube.hpp"
+
+#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
+
+namespace engine {
+
+bool Cube::initialize() {
+    // Mesh::createUVSphere/createRing/createOrbitCircle bestaan al; voor een
+    // echte kubus zou je een Mesh::createBox() toevoegen aan Mesh (zie
+    // sectie 4). Voor dit voorbeeld hergebruiken we de bol als placeholder.
+    mesh_ = Mesh::createUVSphere(16, 16);
+    return shader_.loadFromFiles("assets/shaders/basic.vert", "assets/shaders/basic.frag");
+}
+
+void Cube::update(float deltaTime) {
+    spinDeg_ += deltaTime * 45.0f;
+}
+
+void Cube::draw(const glm::mat4& view, const glm::mat4& projection,
+                 const glm::vec3& viewPos) const {
+    glm::mat4 model = glm::translate(glm::mat4(1.0f), position);
+    model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(spinDeg_), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
+
+    shader_.use();
+    shader_.setMat4("uModel", model);
+    shader_.setMat4("uView", view);
+    shader_.setMat4("uProjection", projection);
+    shader_.setVec3("uBaseColor", baseColor);
+    shader_.setVec3("uLightDir", glm::vec3(-0.4f, -1.0f, -0.3f));
+    shader_.setVec3("uViewPos", viewPos);
+
+    mesh_.draw();
+}
+
+}  // namespace engine
+```
+
+### 3.2 Aanhaken in main.cpp
+
+```cpp
+#include "Cube.hpp"
+#include "Engine.hpp"
+
+engine::Cube cube;
+
+int main() {
+    engine::Engine engine;
+    engine.initialize(1280, 720, "Mijn App");
+
+    cube.initialize();
+    cube.position = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+
+    engine.setUpdateCallback([&](float dt) {
+        cube.update(dt);
+    });
+
+    engine.setRenderCallback([&](int w, int h) {
+        glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
+        glClearColor(0.05f, 0.06f, 0.09f, 1.0f);
+        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+        glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+
+        float aspect = static_cast<float>(w) / static_cast<float>(h);
+        glm::mat4 proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(50.0f), aspect, 0.05f, 200.0f);
+
+        cube.draw(engine.camera().viewMatrix(), proj, engine.camera().position());
+    });
+
+    engine.run();
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+Zodra je meerdere elementen hebt, wordt dit al snel een simpele lijst:
+
+```cpp
+std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Cube>> cubes;
+// update: for (auto& c : cubes) c->update(dt);
+// render: for (auto& c : cubes) c->draw(view, proj, eye);
+```
+
+Er zit geen "Scene"- of "Entity"-systeem in deze engine — dat is bewust
+weggelaten, zodat je zelf kiest hoe zwaar je dat wilt maken (een simpele
+`std::vector`, of iets uitgebreiders als je project groeit).
+
+---
+
+## 4. Nieuwe geometrie toevoegen aan `Mesh`
+
+`Mesh` heeft nu `createUVSphere`, `createRing` en `createOrbitCircle` als
+static factory-methodes. Een nieuwe vorm (bijv. een kubus) voeg je op
+dezelfde manier toe:
+
+**In `include/Mesh.hpp`**, bij de andere static methodes:
+
+```cpp
+static Mesh createBox(float halfExtent);
+```
+
+**In `src/Mesh.cpp`**, een nieuwe functie die `Vertex`-en `unsigned int`-arrays
+vult en via `upload()` naar de GPU stuurt (zoals `createUVSphere` doet):
+
+```cpp
+Mesh Mesh::createBox(float halfExtent) {
+    std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
+    std::vector<unsigned int> indices;
+    // ... vul vertices/indices met de 8 hoekpunten + 12 driehoeken ...
+    Mesh mesh;
+    mesh.upload(vertices, indices);
+    return mesh;
+}
+```
+
+Het patroon is steeds: bouw CPU-side arrays van `Vertex{position, normal, uv}`
+en `unsigned int`-indices, en geef die aan `upload()`. Voor een lijnvorm
+(zoals een orbit-pad) gebruik je `uploadLineStrip()` in plaats daarvan.
+
+---
+
+## 5. Eigen shaders toevoegen
+
+Shaders zijn losse `.vert`/`.frag`-bestanden in `assets/shaders/`. Om een
+nieuwe te gebruiken:
+
+1. Zet `mijnshader.vert` en `mijnshader.frag` in `assets/shaders/`.
+2. `Shader shader; shader.loadFromFiles("assets/shaders/mijnshader.vert", "assets/shaders/mijnshader.frag");`
+3. Uniforms zet je via `setMat4`/`setVec3`/`setVec4`/`setFloat`/`setInt` — de
+   namen moeten exact overeenkomen met de `uniform`-declaraties in de shader.
+
+Er is geen build-stap nodig voor nieuwe shaders: `CMakeLists.txt` kopieert
+gewoon de hele `assets/`-map naast de executable na elke build
+(`add_custom_command(TARGET ... POST_BUILD ...)`), dus een nieuw bestand
+daarin verschijnt vanzelf mee.
+
+---
+
+## 6. Input afhandelen
+
+### 6.1 Wat de Engine al doet
+
+`Engine` routeert standaard alleen muis (orbit/pan/zoom) naar de `Camera`,
+plus **R** (camera reset) en **Escape** (venster sluiten) als toetsen. Dat
+zit in de private GLFW-callbacks in `Engine.cpp`
+(`cursorPosCallback`, `mouseButtonCallback`, `scrollCallback`, `keyCallback`).
+
+### 6.2 Eigen input toevoegen zonder Engine aan te passen
+
+Voor input die niet met de camera te maken heeft (bijv. spatie om te pauzeren,
+een klik om iets te selecteren) poll je zelf, direct in je update-callback,
+via `engine.window()`:
+
+```cpp
+engine.setUpdateCallback([&](float dt) {
+    if (glfwGetKey(engine.window(), GLFW_KEY_SPACE) == GLFW_PRESS) {
+        paused = !paused;
+    }
+});
+```
+
+Let op: dit is *polling* (elke frame checken of een toets nu ingedrukt is),
+wat prima werkt voor "hou ingedrukt"-gedrag maar bij "één druk = één actie"
+kan dubbel triggeren zolang de toets ingedrukt blijft. Hou daarvoor zelf een
+"was dit al ingedrukt vorige frame"-vlag bij, of ga naar optie 6.3.
+
+### 6.3 Eigen input toevoegen mét een discrete "press"-callback
+
+Wil je events (niet polling) zoals de originele game had
+(`keyCallback` die éénmalig reageert op `GLFW_PRESS`), dan breid je `Engine`
+zelf uit met een extra callback-slot, op dezelfde manier als
+`updateCallback_`/`renderCallback_`:
+
+**In `include/Engine.hpp`:**
+
+```cpp
+using KeyCallback = std::function<void(int key, int action)>;
+void setKeyCallback(KeyCallback cb) { keyCallback_ = std::move(cb); }
+// ...
+KeyCallback keyCallback_;
+```
+
+**In `src/Engine.cpp`**, in de bestaande static `Engine::keyCallback`
+(de GLFW-trampoline), roep je hem aan:
+
+```cpp
+void Engine::keyCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods) {
+    auto* engine = static_cast<Engine*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
+    if (!engine) return;
+    if (action == GLFW_PRESS) {
+        switch (key) {
+            case GLFW_KEY_R: engine->camera_.reset(); break;
+            case GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE: glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GLFW_TRUE); break;
+            default: break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (engine->keyCallback_) engine->keyCallback_(key, action);
+}
+```
+
+Dan in je eigen `main.cpp`:
+
+```cpp
+engine.setKeyCallback([&](int key, int action) {
+    if (key == GLFW_KEY_SPACE && action == GLFW_PRESS) {
+        paused = !paused;
+    }
+});
+```
+
+Dit is exact het patroon dat de engine al gebruikt voor `update`/`render` —
+een `std::function`-lid + een setter + een aanroep op de juiste plek in de
+bestaande GLFW-trampoline. Muisklikken (bijv. voor object-picking) volgen
+dezelfde aanpak via `mouseButtonCallback`.
+
+---
+
+## 7. Hoe je `.hpp`/`.cpp`-bestanden zo opzet dat ze echt bij de engine horen
+
+Drie regels houden nieuwe code consistent met wat er al staat:
+
+1. **Eén klasse per bestandspaar**, header in `include/`, implementatie in
+   `src/`, zelfde bestandsnaam als de klasse (`Cube.hpp` ↔ `Cube.cpp`).
+   `#include "Cube.hpp"` bovenaan `Cube.cpp` als eerste include.
+2. **Alles in de `engine`-namespace** (of je eigen naam, zie hieronder), zodat
+   er geen naamsbotsingen ontstaan met GLFW/OpenGL-symbolen of andere
+   libraries.
+3. **RAII voor GPU-resources.** Kijk naar `Mesh` en `Shader`: een destructor
+   die opruimt, `= delete` op de copy-constructor/-assignment (GPU-handles
+   mogen niet per ongeluk gekopieerd worden), en een move-constructor/
+   -assignment die de handle overneemt en de bron op `0`/leeg zet. Elk
+   nieuw element dat zelf een VAO/VBO/shader-programma bezit volgt hetzelfde
+   patroon.
+
+Je hoeft `CMakeLists.txt` niet aan te passen voor nieuwe `.cpp`-bestanden:
+`file(GLOB ENGINE_SOURCES ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/*.cpp)` pakt alles in
+`src/` automatisch mee bij de volgende keer dat je `cmake ..` opnieuw
+draait (nodig omdat GLOB niet automatisch herconfigureert bij een build —
+dus na een nieuw bestand: eenmalig opnieuw `cmake ..` in je build-map).
+
+---
+
+## 8. Namespace hernoemen
+
+Alles zit in de generieke `engine`-namespace, zonder verwijzingen naar het
+project waar deze code oorspronkelijk uit kwam. Wil je toch een andere naam
+(bijv. de naam van je eigen project), dan is dat een kwestie van een
+projectbrede find-and-replace van `engine` naar jouw naam in alle
+`.hpp`/`.cpp`-bestanden — er zit verder geen afhankelijkheid aan die
+specifieke naam. Let op: de klasse heet ook `Engine` (met hoofdletter) —
+die hoef je niet mee te hernoemen, `jouwnaam::Engine` blijft prima werken.
+
+---
+
+## 9. Bouwen
+
+```bash
+sudo apt install cmake libglfw3-dev libglm-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev xorg-dev
+cd engine && mkdir build && cd build
+cmake .. && make -j$(nproc)
+./engine_demo
+```
+
+Na het toevoegen van nieuwe `.cpp`-bestanden: draai `cmake ..` opnieuw in de
+build-map voordat je `make` draait (zie sectie 7).

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-      binary: "/home/ben/Desktop/engine/build/CMakeFiles/CMakeScratch/TryCompile-cTQD8l"
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include/Camera.hpp

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 
-namespace planetarium {
+namespace engine {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Camera
@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ private:
     static constexpr float kSmoothingSpeed = 6.0f;
 };
 
-}  // namespace planetarium
+}  // namespace engine

include/Engine.hpp

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 struct GLFWwindow;
 
-namespace planetarium {
+namespace engine {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Engine
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ namespace planetarium {
 // routing between raw GLFW callbacks and the Camera. This is the only
 // class that knows about GLFW directly.
 //
-// This is the reusable "engine" half of the original Planetarium project
-// with every game-specific piece (SolarSystem, Planet, UI, picking)
-// removed. Hook your own logic in via setUpdateCallback/setRenderCallback:
+// A generic reusable "engine" shell: window/context setup, the main loop,
+// and camera input routing, with no game-specific logic baked in. Hook
+// your own logic in via setUpdateCallback/setRenderCallback:
 //
 //     Engine engine;
 //     engine.initialize(1600, 900, "My App");
@@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ private:
     double lastFrameTime_ = 0.0;
 };
 
-}  // namespace planetarium
+}  // namespace engine

include/GLFunctions.hpp

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // loaders are mixed in the same program - see the comment at the top of
 // that file for details.
 //
-// Usage: call planetarium::gl::loadGLFunctions() exactly once, right
+// Usage: call engine::gl::loadGLFunctions() exactly once, right
 // after the GLFW OpenGL context has been made current and before any
 // other GL call in the project's own rendering code.
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ typedef char GLchar;
 typedef ptrdiff_t GLsizeiptr;
 typedef ptrdiff_t GLintptr;
 
-namespace planetarium::gl {
+namespace engine::gl {
 
 using PFNGLGENVERTEXARRAYS = void (*)(GLsizei, GLuint*);
 using PFNGLBINDVERTEXARRAY = void (*)(GLuint);
@@ -143,4 +143,4 @@ extern PFNGLGENERATEMIPMAP glGenerateMipmap;
 // required entry point could not be resolved.
 bool loadGLFunctions();
 
-}  // namespace planetarium::gl
+}  // namespace engine::gl

include/Mesh.hpp

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace planetarium {
+namespace engine {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Mesh
@@ -51,4 +51,4 @@ private:
     bool isLineStrip_ = false;
 };
 
-}  // namespace planetarium
+}  // namespace engine

include/Shader.hpp

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 #include <string>
 
-namespace planetarium {
+namespace engine {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Shader
@@ -42,4 +42,4 @@ private:
     GLint locationOf(const std::string& name) const;
 };
 
-}  // namespace planetarium
+}  // namespace engine

src/Camera.cpp

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 
-namespace planetarium {
+namespace engine {
 
 Camera::Camera() { reset(); }
 
@@ -68,4 +68,4 @@ glm::mat4 Camera::viewMatrix() const {
     return glm::lookAt(currentPosition_, currentFocus_, glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
 }
 
-}  // namespace planetarium
+}  // namespace engine

src/Engine.cpp

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdio>
 
-namespace planetarium {
+namespace engine {
 
 Engine::~Engine() {
     if (window_) {
@@ -145,4 +145,4 @@ void Engine::framebufferSizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
     engine->framebufferHeight_ = height;
 }
 
-}  // namespace planetarium
+}  // namespace engine

src/GLFunctions.cpp

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 #include <cstdio>
 
-namespace planetarium::gl {
+namespace engine::gl {
 
 PFNGLGENVERTEXARRAYS glGenVertexArrays = nullptr;
 PFNGLBINDVERTEXARRAY glBindVertexArray = nullptr;
@@ -89,4 +89,4 @@ bool loadGLFunctions() {
     return ok;
 }
 
-}  // namespace planetarium::gl
+}  // namespace engine::gl

src/Mesh.cpp

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 
-namespace planetarium {
+namespace engine {
 using namespace gl;
 
 Mesh::~Mesh() { release(); }
@@ -213,4 +213,4 @@ Mesh Mesh::createOrbitCircle(int segments) {
     return mesh;
 }
 
-}  // namespace planetarium
+}  // namespace engine

src/Shader.cpp

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include <fstream>
 #include <sstream>
 
-namespace planetarium {
+namespace engine {
 using namespace gl;
 
 namespace {
@@ -118,4 +118,4 @@ void Shader::setInt(const std::string& name, int i) const {
     glUniform1i(locationOf(name), i);
 }
 
-}  // namespace planetarium
+}  // namespace engine

src/main.cpp

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 
-using namespace planetarium;
-using namespace planetarium::gl;
+using namespace engine;
+using namespace engine::gl;
 
 namespace {
 bool directoryExists(const std::string& path) {